Why read this? : Creative work which stirs the emotions stands out more. It’s easier to remember. We share how emotions work in different parts of the brain’s limbic system. And what that means for creativity. We also share examples of where emotions fit into decision-making, communications and design. Read this to learn how to use emotions to create deeper connections with your target audience.
Emotions help us connect with and make sense of the world. Great creative work uses emotions to connect with the audience. When creative work hits the right emotion, it just feels right.
But how often do you think about how emotions work? What they actually are? And how to use them in areas like writing, design and photography?
For most people, the answer is likely to be hardly ever. But in this article, we aim to answer these questions. And that means starting with a more rational view of emotions.
The rational view of emotions
Emotion can be a hard concept to describe. It’s easy to give examples of emotion. Harder to describe how they work though.
For example, there’s 6 basic emotions according to psychologist Paul Ekman. These are enjoyment, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise. We know what these feel like as well as their many variations.
So we know enjoyment can show as happiness, amusement or pride for example. And anxiety, worry and panic are examples of fear.
But what’s going on in our heads when we feel these emotions?
Science tells us emotions are electrical and chemical reactions in our brains. They happen all over our brains. But the centre of our emotions is the limbic system, which has 4 key areas :-
- thalamus – handles sensory information.
- hypothalamus – controls physiological responses and hormones.
- amygdala – detects threats and manages fear and anxiety.
- hippocampus – stores, locates and retrieves memories.
The thalamus - sensory
The thalamus handles the information that comes into our brain from the 5 main physical senses. Sight, sound, smell, taste and touch.
It converts that sensory information into signals. These signals go to different part of the brain to process. And once our brain processes the signal, it drives an appropriate reaction.
This is often an emotional reaction. We see our family and feel happy for example. We hear sombre music and feel sad. And so on.
The thalamus acts as the junction box between your senses and your emotions. It sends signals to where they need to go.
The hypothalamus - physiological
The hypothalamus controls physiological reactions. Hunger and thirst, for example. Body temperature. These all link to emotions.
We get angry when we’re hungry. We get a warm, tingly feeling when we feel loved. A cold shiver down our back when something makes us afraid.
The hypothalamus also controls hormones like adrenaline and dopamine. We physically feel the effect of those hormones when they kick in.
Hormones drive our tears when we feel upset. They make our shoulders shake with laughter when something’s funny. These emotional signals all come out of the hypothalamus.
The amygdala - danger!
The amygdala is the brain’s “fear centre”. It drives the intense emotional reactions we get when we sense danger.
Our pulse quickens. We focus on what’s causing the fear, and how to deal with it.
The amygdala is what drivers our “fight or flight” reaction. If you ever feel something bad’s about to happen, that’s your amygdala talking.
It’s the part of our brain which keeps us safe and protects us from harm. (see our thoughts about thinking article for more on the amygdala).
The hippocampus - memory
The hippocampus controls how these different inputs and signals are converted into memories. These can be short- or long-term.
The close connection between emotion and memory is important. It’s why it’s usually easier to remember feelings, rather than facts.
For example, we remember a joke was funny (a feeling), but can’t remember the joke itself (the facts). We remember a movie scared us (a feeling), but can’t explain why (the facts). Feelings stick in our memories better than facts.
How this connects to creative work
Understanding what the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus do is a good first step. The next step though is to connect what they do to what creative work needs to do. That’s how you build an emotional connection.
Let’s look at how each part of the limbic system helps you do that.
Creative and sensory
Think about how audiences first experience a piece of creative work.
It’s through one or more of the 5 senses, isn’t it? They see, hear, smell, taste, or touch it. These sensory inputs sends signals to the thalamus.
The brain’s first exposure to creative work is part of the emotional system.
Emotions drive an audience’s immediate reaction. Your creative work needs to send the right emotional signal to trigger the reaction you want.
For example, a happy signal (e.g. a smiling face) to relax them. A danger signal (e.g. a loud noise) to grab their attention. You choose the right sensory inputs to trigger the emotional reaction you want.
That means you decide in advance the reaction you want. You then set up the right sensory signals. The words your audience will read. Your choice of colours, fonts and layout. Sounds, tastes and smells where relevant. These can all trigger emotional reactions. They influence how the audience reacts, and what they do next.
Creative and physiological
Creative work often evokes strong physiological reactions. You see someone smile and you smile too. You hear a loud noise, and you back away. Cute animal pictures make you feel warm and fuzzy.
You can build this reaction into the creative experience to make it more impactful.
For example, with facial expressions. We interpret a lot of emotion from other people’s expressions. A scowling face means they’re angry. A trembling lip means they’re sad.
That interpretation affects how we feel too. Empathy kicks in. We feel what they’re feeling. Emotions are contagious. Show someone experiencing an emotion to trigger that emotion in your audience.
For example, show smiling faces to make people feel happy. Show angry faces to grab their attention and put them on guard. Whatever it is, think of the reaction you want. Show that emotion in your creative work.
And it’s not just facial expressions. It works for other behaviours too.
We see people happily eating food products for example. Maybe we’d happily eat that food too? We see fashion models wearing clothes that make them look confident. Maybe we’d feel confident wearing those clothes too?
Most of the time, we don’t notice these emotional reactions. There’s little conscious thought behind them. The exception is when creative provokes a sense of fear. We all definitely notice fear.
Creative and fear
Fear can be a powerful motivator in creative work.
You can use it to stop your audience making bad decisions. Make them afraid of what might happen if they don’t do the right thing.
Fear creates a strong call to action. Used properly, it drives positive behaviour changes.
Health messaging uses fear a lot for example. The consequences of not giving up smoking. Of not using sun screen or going to your doctor for regular health checks. All based on the fear of getting sick.
Fear motivates people to prevent “bad” situations. Look at home, travel and car insurance for example. Fear of the worst happening drives people to sign up.
Fear signals grab the audience’s attention. Use them when you want the audience to do something to make the fear go away.
Creative and memory
Our memories shape our emotional responses. They give us a reference point so we react appropriately. To laugh at a joke. To hug someone when there’s bad news. We’re exposed to an experience, and remember how to react when it happens again. That’s our memories kicking in.
Think what memories you want your creative work to trigger. Look for common patterns. Family picnics makes us smile, for example. Those are happy memories. Loud snarling dogs make us afraid. They signal danger in our memories.
Memory associations work in many areas of creativity. Let’s look at some examples.
Memory and colours
Take colours for example. Different colours make you feel differently. These are subtle, sub-conscious memory associations.
You associate blue with calmness and serenity, for example. It implies trust. That’s why so many banks use blue in their designs.
Green on the other hand signals nature and freshness. It implies purity. That’s why it’s on so many health food brands.
Creatives can use colour as short-cut to trigger these associations. (see our colour psychology article for more on this).
Memory and typography
Typography is another creative area where memory associations come into play.
Serif fonts trigger feelings of reassurance for example. Your memory associates them with respectability and tradition. They’re about the past.
Sans serif fonts are more about aesthetic pleasure. Your memory associates them with modernity and clarity. They’re about the future.
These small associations all add up over time. Use them in your creative work to make your emotional connections stronger.
Emotions and decision-making
Emotions don’t go away once you get past that first reaction. They have an on-going impact on how we make decisions. Even when the analytical part of our brain kicks in.
Emotions are a necessary part of decision-making. Antonio Damasio, a professor at the University of Southern California showed this in studies with patients who had limbic system injuries. These patients found it harder to make decisions.
They could still think rationally. They could make a list of pros and cons. But they struggled to make a decision. Without emotions, they went into a decision limbo. They needed emotions to compel them to act and make a final decision.
We like to think decisions are rational. But often it’s emotions that play a bigger role.
There’s a great example in Rory Sutherland’s Alchemy. A UK financial services firm tested out 2 different customer offers. One was a straight cash rebate. The other was a cute penguin cuddly toy, worth much less than the cash rebate.
Which one did people go for? The penguin was easily more popular. Rationally, the cash option made more sense. But cute penguins showed emotions trumped the more rational choice.
Think about what you want your audience to feel. The emotion in your creative work influences how they make decisions. How they feel influences what they think and what they do. Learning how to use emotions helps you deliver better creative work.
More reading on how to use emotions
There’s a lot of research around emotions and how to use them. To finish we share some of our favourites examples which cover what emotions mean for decision-making, communications and design.
Thinking, fast and slow - Daniel Kahnemann
Thinking, Fast and Slow by Daniel Kahnemann is a psychology book about decision-making. It’s a must-read if you’re into behavioural science.
It shares many studies, stories and structures which help explain decision-making.
Our brains are complex it argues. Hard to understand. But to make it easier to understand, you can break down how the brain works into 2 systems.
First, there’s System 1.
This is the “fast” part of our brain. It handles around 95% of our decisions. It includes the limbic system.
System 1 isn’t about making the best decision. It’s about making a good enough decision.
Fast decisions help us navigate through most day to day situations. We’d struggle to do anything without System 1 helping us decide.
So most creative work gets evaluated by this “fast” decision-making. And as emotions are part of that system, most creative work needs to use emotions.
However, these fast decisions are easily biased. These biases are usually driven by emotions. What makes us feel good, isn’t always what’s best for us. System 1 is responsible for most bad decisions we make.
Then there’s System 2. This is the “slow” part of our brain. It handles the other 5% of decisions. That’s where we need deeper analysis, logic and statistics.
But this takes lots of energy. And that means System 2 can be lazy. It only switches on when we need it. For the more rational decisions when we put emotions to one side. But those are only 5% out of all our decisions.
Made to Stick - Chip and Dan Heath
Chip and Dan Heath’s Made to Stick shares 6 factors which help make communications sticky.
Sticky means your message get noticed more and is easier to remember.
To increase stickiness, comms should be Simple; Unexpected; Concrete; Credible; Emotional and/or Story-based.
The section on how emotions make comms sticky ties in with what we said about the hippocampus.
Remember, it regulates memories. Emotional messages “stick” in our memory better, they argue.
For example, they share details of a 2004 Carnegie Mellon University study. After taking part in another test, study participants were given a small amount of money ($5 in one dollar bills). They were asked to donate some, or all of it to charity.
Each respondent was given a leaflet about African charities. Half of them got a leaflet telling the story of an individual African girl. It talked about the hardships she’d suffered. The other half got a leaflet talking about the broader issues facing children in Africa. It had lots of facts and statistics.
Donations were far higher in the first group who heard the individual story. ($2.38 on average vs $1.14 for the other group).
They put this down to emotions. You feel more emotionally connected to one girl’s story. So, you’re more generous with the donation. Facts and charts are less motivating. As we said earlier, emotions drive us to act.
Emotional Design - Don Norman
Don Norman’s Emotional Design looks at the link between design and psychology. It focuses on how we form emotional connections to objects.
His previous work focussed on the importance of usability in design. The basis of good design is objects that do what we need them to do.
But here he argues, that didn’t go far enough.
Designers also need to factor in the impact of emotions in how people interact with objects. It reinforces the importance of emotions in decision-making.
He proposes emotions play a role at 3 levels of design. Visceral. Behavioural. And reflective.
These all connect together. Designers need to learn how to use emotions at each level to create better, more impactful designs.
Visceral
The visceral level is similar to Kahnemann’s System 1. The appearance of a design gives us sensory inputs that lead to immediate emotional reactions.
Our emotions use an object’s appearance to decide if we like it. If it’s worth more attention Or not. Examples of design elements which drive visceral reactions include :-
- positive reactions – bright, highly saturated colours; attractive smiling people and rounded, smooth objects.
- negative reactions – darkness; crowds of people; body fluids and vomit; sharp objects.
He talks about the design of the Mini Cooper as an example of positive visceral reactions.
There’s something very appealing about the design. It makes people smile.
That rounded, smooth front design makes them happy. It often overrides more rational thinking.
Buyers don’t care so much about fuel economy or performance because the design triggers positive emotions for them.
Behavioural
The behavioural level covers the functionality of a design that leads to an emotional reaction.
Things that feel good to use make us feel better about using them.
That’s a big part of Apple’s design appeal for example. Apple products feel good to use. The textures of their materials. How the keyboard sounds and feels when you use it.
All “designed” to make us feel good about using the product. Emotional reactions are part of the design.
Norman describes a set of expensive kitchen knives he uses as another example. He loves the weight of them in his hand when chopping food. The effectiveness of the knives makes him happy. Their great design makes him feel good about using them.
Reflective
Finally, there’s the reflective level of design.
This deals with what the design says about the owner or user.
It’s about self-image, personal satisfaction and memories. Remember, memories are part of our emotion system. There’s a longer-term emotional connection, such as feeling proud or confident about certain objects we have in our lives.
We feel strongly about these objects. They mean a lot to us, because they’re about us.
He talks for example about the books and art you might own. These have long-term meaning for you. There’s a deep emotional connections because those objects reflect your personality. They reflect your sense of who you are.
This is an area many CRM and loyalty programs tap into. You join them because they say something about you. This is the reflective level of design in action. The audience relates to the creative work because it says something about them.
Conclusion - How to use emotion in creative work
Emotions shape how we live our lives. They help us make decisions and connect with others. They’re how we feel experiences.
They manage our senses, our physiological reactions, our fears and our memories. But most of the time, we’re barely aware they’re there.
In creative work though, you need to be more aware of the role emotions play.
Emotions decide whether your audience will notice your work. Emotions help you connect with them.
Show emotion in your work to influence the audience’s emotions. Build your creative around the emotional reactions you want. Make them feel something, and you’ll feel the benefit of it. That’s how you create deeper connections with customers.
Check out our articles on creative evaluation and behavioural science for more on this topic. Or contact us if you need help with how to use emotions in your creative work.
Photo credits
Happy woman : Photo by Clay Banks on Unsplash
Heart pin button : Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
Woman giving the finger : Photo by engin akyurt on Unsplash
Man crying : Photo by Tom Pumford on Unsplash
Attention sign : Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash
Man looking at ceiling (adapted) : Photo by Anton Danilov on Unsplash
Eye : Photo by Daniil Kuželev on Unsplash
Hand / Stop : Photo by Nadine Shaabana on Unsplash
Mini Cooper : Photo by Reinhart Julian on Unsplash
Macbook : Photo by Glenn Carstens-Peters on Unsplash
Woman reading storytelling book : Photo by Kelly Sikkema on Unsplash
